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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../">
            
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                    Introduction
            
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                    第零章：实验环境说明
            
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                    第一章：独立式可执行程序
            
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                    [安装 nightly rust]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2" data-path="../chapter1/part2.html">
            
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                    使用包管理器 cargo 创建 rust binary 项目
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3" data-path="../chapter1/part3.html">
            
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                    移除标准库依赖
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4" data-path="../chapter1/part4.html">
            
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                    [移除 runtime 依赖]
            
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                    总结与展望
            
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                    第二章：最小化内核
            
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                    使用目标三元组描述目标平台
            
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                    编译、生成内核镜像
            
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                    使用链接脚本指定内存布局
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4" data-path="../chapter2/part4.html">
            
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                    [重写程序入口点 -start]
            
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                    [使用 Qemu 运行内核]
            
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                    封装 SBI 接口
            
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                    [实现格式化输出]
            
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                    总结与展望
            
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                    第三章：中断
            
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                    rv64 中断介绍
            
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                    [手动触发断点中断]
            
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                    程序运行上下文环境
            
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                    [实现上下文环境保存与恢复]
            
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                    [时钟中断]
            
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                    总结与展望
            
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                    第四章：内存管理
            
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                    [物理内存探测与管理]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2" data-path="../chapter4/part2.html">
            
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                    [动态内存分配]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3" data-path="../chapter4/part3.html">
            
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                    总结与展望
            
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                    第五章：内存虚拟化
            
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                    页表：从虚拟内存到物理内存
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.2" data-path="../chapter5/part2.html">
            
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                    [内核初始映射]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.3" data-path="../chapter5/part3.html">
            
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                    内核重映射
            
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                    内核重映射实现之一：页表
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.5" data-path="../chapter5/part5.html">
            
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                    内核重映射实现之二：MemorySet
            
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                    [内核重映射实现之三：完结]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.7" data-path="../chapter5/part7.html">
            
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                    总结与展望
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="../chapter6/introduction.html">
            
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                    第六章：内核线程
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.1" data-path="../chapter6/part1.html">
            
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                    线程状态与保存
            
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                    线程切换
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.3" data-path="../chapter6/part3.html">
            
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                    内核线程初始化
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.4" data-path="../chapter6/part4.html">
            
                <a href="../chapter6/part4.html">
            
                    
                    [内核线程创建与切换测试]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.5" data-path="../chapter6/part5.html">
            
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                    总结与展望
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.9" data-path="../chapter7/introduction.html">
            
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                    第七章：线程调度
            
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                    线程池与线程管理
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.9.2" data-path="../chapter7/part2.html">
            
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                    内核调度线程 idle
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.9.3" data-path="../chapter7/part3.html">
            
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                    线程调度之 Round Robin 算法
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.9.4" data-path="../chapter7/part4.html">
            
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                    [线程调度测试]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.9.5" data-path="../chapter7/part5.html">
            
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                    总结与展望
            
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                    第八章：进程
            
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                    [编写用户程序]
            
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                    合并内核与应用程序
            
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                    在内核中实现系统调用
            
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                    创建虚拟内存空间
            
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                    [创建进程]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.10.6" data-path="../chapter8/part5.html">
            
                <a href="../chapter8/part5.html">
            
                    
                    总结与展望
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.11" data-path="../chapter9/introduction.html">
            
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                    第九章：文件系统
            
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                    [使用文件系统]
            
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                    [实现记事本]
            
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                    [实现终端]
            
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                    [文件读写]
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.11.5" data-path="../chapter9/part5.html">
            
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                    总结与展望
            
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                    第十章：同步互斥
            
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                    练习题
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.1" data-path="../exercise/part1.html">
            
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                    1. 中断异常
            
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                    2. 物理内存管理
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.3" data-path="../exercise/part3.html">
            
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                    3. 虚拟内存管理
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.4" data-path="../exercise/part4.html">
            
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                    4. 线程管理
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.5" data-path="../exercise/part5.html">
            
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                    5. 用户进程（+ 虚拟内存管理 + 线程管理）
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.6" data-path="../exercise/part6.html">
            
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                    6. CPU 调度
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.7" data-path="../exercise/part7.html">
            
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                    7. 同步互斥
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.8" data-path="../exercise/part8.html">
            
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                    8. 文件系统
            
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                    附录
            
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                    内联汇编
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.14.2" data-path="../appendix/install_rust.html">
            
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                    安装 rust
            
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<blockquote>
<p><strong>[info] &#x518D;&#x770B; riscv64 &#x7684; M Mode</strong></p>
<p>M-mode(&#x673A;&#x5668;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x7F29;&#x5199;&#x4E3A; M &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;)&#x662F; RISC-V &#x4E2D; hart(hardware thread,&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x7EBF;&#x7A0B;)&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x6700;&#x9AD8;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;&#x5728; M &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x4E0B;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x7684; hart &#x5BF9;&#x5185;&#x5B58;,I/O &#x548C;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x542F;&#x52A8;&#x548C;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x5E95;&#x5C42;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x6709;&#x7740;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x7684;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6743;&#x3002;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;,&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;(&#x4E0D;&#x8BBA;&#x5728;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x4E0B;)&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;,&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x6743;&#x90FD;&#x4F1A;&#x88AB;&#x79FB;&#x4EA4;&#x5230; M &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x3002;&#x5B83;&#x662F;&#x552F;&#x4E00;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6807;&#x51C6; RISC-V &#x5904;&#x7406;&#x5668;&#x90FD;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x7684;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x518D;&#x770B; riscv64 &#x7684; S Mode</strong></p>
<p>S-mode(&#x76D1;&#x7BA1;&#x8005;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x7F29;&#x5199;&#x4E3A; S &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;)&#x662F;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x73B0;&#x4EE3;&#x7C7B; Unix &#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x9875;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x662F;&#x5176;&#x6838;&#x5FC3;&#x3002; Unix &#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x4F8B;&#x5916;&#x90FD;&#x5E94;&#x8BE5;&#x8FDB;&#x884C; S &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x4E0B;&#x7684;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x8C03;&#x7528;&#x3002;M &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5C06;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x91CD;&#x65B0;&#x5BFC;&#x5411; S &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x59D4;&#x6258;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#xFF08;Machine Interrupt Delegation,&#x673A;&#x5668;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x59D4;&#x6258;&#xFF09;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x6027;&#x5730;&#x5C06;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x548C;&#x540C;&#x6B65;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4EA4;&#x7ED9; S &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x5904;&#x7406;,&#x800C;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x7ED5;&#x8FC7; M &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="rv64-&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;">rv64 &#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;</h3>
<p>&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6216;&#x4FDD;&#x5B58;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x9759;&#x6001;&#x6216;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x3002;</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong> [info] &#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668; </strong></p>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x89E6;&#x53D1;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x8FDB;&#x5165; S &#x6001;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0B;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x4F1A;&#x88AB;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#xFF1A;</p>
<p><strong>sepc</strong>(exception program counter)&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4F1A;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x89E6;&#x53D1;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x7684;&#x90A3;&#x6761;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x7684;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#xFF1B;</p>
<p><strong>scause</strong>&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4F1A;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x4F1A;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x8BE5;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x662F;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5916;&#x90E8;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#xFF1B;</p>
<p><strong>stval</strong>&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4F1A;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x6240;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x8F85;&#x52A9;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;&#x53D6;&#x6307;&#x3001;&#x8BBF;&#x5B58;&#x3001;&#x7F3A;&#x9875;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4F1A;&#x628A;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x4E0B;&#x6765;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5728;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x4E2D;&#x5C31;&#x77E5;&#x9053;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x4E86;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x7684;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#xFF1A;</p>
<p><strong>stvec</strong>&#xFF0C;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x5BFB;&#x627E; S &#x6001;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684;&#x8D77;&#x59CB;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#xFF0C;&#x4FDD;&#x5B58;&#x4E86;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5411;&#x91CF;&#x8868;&#x57FA;&#x5740; BASE&#xFF0C;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F; MODE&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5F53;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{MODE}=0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">MODE</span></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mord mathrm">0</span></span></span></span>&#xFF0C;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E3A; Direct &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x65E0;&#x8BBA;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x56E0;&#x4F55;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x90FD;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x8DF3;&#x8F6C;&#x5230;&#x57FA;&#x5740;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mtext><mo>&#x2190;</mo><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{pc}\leftarrow\text{BASE}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">pc</span></span><span class="mrel">&#x2190;</span><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">BASE</span></span></span></span></span>&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5F53;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{MODE}=1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">MODE</span></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mord mathrm">1</span></span></span></span>&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E3A; Vectored &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x9047;&#x5230;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4F1A;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8DF3;&#x8F6C;&#x5982;&#x4E0B;&#xFF1A;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mtext><mo>&#x2190;</mo><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mtext><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>&#xD7;</mo><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{pc}\leftarrow\text{BASE}+4\times\text{cause}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">pc</span></span><span class="mrel">&#x2190;</span><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">BASE</span></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mord mathrm">4</span><span class="mbin">&#xD7;</span><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">cause</span></span></span></span></span>&#x3002;&#x800C;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EA;&#x9700;&#x5C06;&#x5404;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x653E;&#x5728;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x4F4D;&#x7F6E;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x597D; stvec &#xFF0C;&#x9047;&#x5230;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x5C31;&#x4F1A;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x8DF3;&#x8F6C;&#x5230;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x4E86;&#xFF1B;</p>
<p><strong>sstatus</strong>&#xFF0C;S &#x6001;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x3002;&#x4FDD;&#x5B58;&#x5168;&#x5C40;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x4F7F;&#x80FD;&#x6807;&#x5FD7;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x8BB8;&#x591A;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x7684;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x3002;&#x53EF;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6B64;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x6765;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x4F7F;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x5426;&#x3002;</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="rv64-&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7279;&#x6743;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;">rv64 &#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7279;&#x6743;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;</h3>
<p>&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x518D;&#x6765;&#x770B;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x3002;</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong> [info] &#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x6307;&#x4EE4; </strong></p>
<p><strong>ecall</strong>(environment call)&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5728; S &#x6001;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x8FD9;&#x6761;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x89E6;&#x53D1;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; ecall-from-s-mode-exception&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x800C;&#x8FDB;&#x5165; M &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x6D41;&#x7A0B;&#xFF08;&#x5982;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x5B9A;&#x65F6;&#x5668;&#x7B49;&#xFF09;&#xFF1B;&#x5F53;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5728; U &#x6001;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x8FD9;&#x6761;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x89E6;&#x53D1;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; ecall-from-u-mode-exception&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x800C;&#x8FDB;&#x5165; S &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x6D41;&#x7A0B;&#xFF08;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x8C03;&#x7528;&#xFF09;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>sret</strong>&#xFF0C;&#x7528;&#x4E8E; S &#x6001;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5230; U &#x6001;&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x4E3A;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mtext><mo>&#x2190;</mo><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{pc}\leftarrow\text{sepc}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">pc</span></span><span class="mrel">&#x2190;</span><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">sepc</span></span></span></span></span>&#xFF0C;&#x56DE;&#x987E;<strong>sepc</strong>&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5230;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x8FDB;&#x5165; S &#x6001;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>ebreak</strong>(environment break)&#xFF0C;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x8FD9;&#x6761;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x4F1A;&#x89E6;&#x53D1;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65AD;&#x70B9;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x4ECE;&#x800C;&#x8FDB;&#x5165;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x6D41;&#x7A0B;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>mret</strong>&#xFF0C;&#x7528;&#x4E8E; M &#x6001;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5230; S &#x6001;&#x6216; U &#x6001;&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x4E3A;<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mtext><mo>&#x2190;</mo><mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{pc}\leftarrow\text{mepc}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">pc</span></span><span class="mrel">&#x2190;</span><span class="mord text textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">mepc</span></span></span></span></span>&#xFF0C;&#x56DE;&#x987E;<strong>sepc</strong>&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5230;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4E2D;&#x65AD;&#x8FDB;&#x5165; M &#x6001;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x3002;&#xFF08;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x4E0D;&#x7528;&#x6D89;&#x53CA;&#xFF09;</p>
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